Clean Air Act (CAA) | Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | All mining operations | Limits emissions from stationary and mobile sources. Regulates pollutants like particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. | Continuous monitoring and reporting of emissions. |
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) | EPA | Metal mining operations | Limits emissions of toxic air pollutants (e.g., mercury, arsenic, benzene). | Required to monitor and meet specific emission standards. |
SB-253 | California Air Resources Board (CARB) | Mining firms with >$1B revenue operating in California must report Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. | Must disclose Scope 1, 2, and 3 GHG emissions across entire supply chain | Annual GHG reporting with third-party verification |
SB-261 (Climate-Related Financial Risk Act) | California Air Resources Board (CARB) | Mining firms with >$500M revenue and operations in California | Must assess and disclose climate-related financial risks, including physical and transition risks | Biennial climate risk disclosure following TCFD framework |
CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) | European Commission | U.S. mining firms with EU subsidiaries, operations, or >€150M EU revenue | Mandatory ESG reporting on climate, environmental, and human rights impact | Annual ESG report aligned with European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) |
ESRS (European Sustainability Reporting Standards) | European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) | Mining firms operating in or supplying the EU | Must disclose GHG emissions, biodiversity impact, water usage, circular economy measures | Detailed ESG disclosure with third-party assurance |
CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) | European Commission | Mining firms exporting iron, steel, aluminum, or other carbon-intensive materials to the EU | Subject to a carbon tariff based on emissions linked to imported products | Quarterly emissions reporting (2023-2025); Full tariff payments begin in 2026 |