Clean Air Act (CAA) |
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
All mining operations |
Limits emissions from stationary and mobile sources. Regulates pollutants like particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. |
Continuous monitoring and reporting of emissions. |
Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) |
EPA |
Metal mining operations |
Limits emissions of toxic air pollutants (e.g., mercury, arsenic, benzene). |
Required to monitor and meet specific emission standards. |
SB-253 |
California Air Resources Board (CARB) |
Mining firms with >$1B revenue operating in California must report Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions. |
Must disclose Scope 1, 2, and 3 GHG emissions across entire supply chain |
Annual GHG reporting with third-party verification |
SB-261 (Climate-Related Financial Risk Act) |
California Air Resources Board (CARB) |
Mining firms with >$500M revenue and operations in California |
Must assess and disclose climate-related financial risks, including physical and transition risks |
Biennial climate risk disclosure following TCFD framework |
CSRD (Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive) |
European Commission |
U.S. mining firms with EU subsidiaries, operations, or >€150M EU revenue |
Mandatory ESG reporting on climate, environmental, and human rights impact |
Annual ESG report aligned with European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS) |
ESRS (European Sustainability Reporting Standards) |
European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) |
Mining firms operating in or supplying the EU |
Must disclose GHG emissions, biodiversity impact, water usage, circular economy measures |
Detailed ESG disclosure with third-party assurance |
CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) |
European Commission |
Mining firms exporting iron, steel, aluminum, or other carbon-intensive materials to the EU |
Subject to a carbon tariff based on emissions linked to imported products |
Quarterly emissions reporting (2023-2025); Full tariff payments begin in 2026 |